Verma, D. et al. Internet of things (IoT) in nano-integrated wearable biosensor devices for healthcare applications. Biosens. Bioelectron. X 11, 100153 (2022).
Google Scholar
Kaidi, H. M., Izhar, M. A. M., Dziyauddin, R. A., Shaiful, N. E. & Ahmad, R. A comprehensive review on wireless healthcare monitoring: System components. IEEE Access 12, 35008–35032 (2024).
Bhatia, D., Paul, S., Acharjee, T. & Ramachairy, S. S. Biosensors and their widespread impact on human health. Sensors Int. 5, 100257 (2024).
Musa, U. et al. Design and implementation of active antennas for IoT-based healthcare monitoring system. IEEE Access 12, 48453–48471 (2024).
Gupta, V. & Kumar, R. Biomedical telemetry antenna innovations: Progress, uses, and prospects for the future. Prog. Electromagn. Res. B 106, 85–99 (2024).
Díaz-Jiménez, D., López, J. L., González-Lama, J. & Espinilla, M. A new horizon in healthcare: An innovative methodology for sensor-based adherence platforms in home monitoring of key treatment indicators. IEEE Internet Things J. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2024.3424905 (2024).
Izhar, M. et al. Enhancing healthcare efficacy through IoT-edge fusion: A novel approach for smart health monitoring and diagnosis. IEEE Access 11, 136456–136467 (2023).
Nemati, M., Ansary, J. & Nemati, N. Machine-learning approaches in COVID-19 survival analysis and discharge-time likelihood prediction using clinical data. Patterns 1, 100074 (2020).
Google Scholar
Su, Y. et al. Printable, highly sensitive flexible temperature sensors for human body temperature monitoring: A review. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 15, 200 (2020).
Google Scholar
Zhumayeva, M., Dautov, K., Hashmi, M. & Nauryzbayev, G. Wireless energy and information transfer in WBAN: A comprehensive state-of-the-art review. Alexandria Eng. J. 85, 261–285 (2023).
Musa, U. et al. Recent advancement of wearable reconfigurable antenna technologies: A review. IEEE Access 10, 121831–121863 (2022).
Erdem, A., Eksin, E., Senturk, H., Yildiz, E. & Maral, M. Recent developments in wearable biosensors for healthcare and biomedical applications. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 171, 117510 (2024).
Google Scholar
Kher, D. R. & Patel, D. A comprehensive review on wearable health monitoring systems. Open Biomed. Eng. J. 15, 213–225 (2021).
Ali, U., Ullah, S., Kamal, B., Matekovits, L. & Altaf, A. Design, analysis and applications of wearable antennas: A review. IEEE Access 11, 14458–14486 (2023).
Ramesh Varma, D. et al. Design of fabric antennas for body protective garment applications and analysis on their performance. Mater. Today Proc. 80, 1538–1547 (2023).
Yahya, M. S., Soeung, S., Abdul Rahim, S. K., Geok, T. K. & Musa, U. Machine learning-optimized wearable antenna for LoRa localization. IEEE Access https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3457808 (2024).
Sharon Giftsy, A. L., Kommuri, U. K. & Dwivedi, R. P. Flexible and wearable antenna for biomedical application: Progress and opportunity. IEEE Access 12, 90016–90040 (2024).
Venkatachalam, D. et al. Compact flexible planar antennas for biomedical applications: Insight into materials and systems design. Bioengineering 10, 1137 (2023).
Google Scholar
Musa, U. et al. Wearable dual-band frequency reconfigurable patch antenna for WBAN applications. Prog. Electromagn. Res. M 120, 95–111 (2023).
Google Scholar
Musa, U. et al. Design and analysis of a compact dual-band wearable antenna for WBAN applications. IEEE Access 11, 30996–31009 (2023).
Ashyap, A. Y. I. et al. Fully fabric high impedance surface-enabled antenna for wearable medical applications. IEEE Access 9, 6948–6960 (2021).
Le, T. T. & Yun, T.-Y. Wearable dual-band high-gain low-SAR antenna for off-body communication. IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 20, 1175–1179 (2021).
Segun, A. & Telukdarie, A. Revolutionizing healthcare delivery through wireless wearable antenna frameworks: current trends and future prospects. IEEE Access 11, 80327–80347 (2023).
Geyikoğlu, M. D. A novel UWB flexible antenna with dual notch bands for wearable biomedical devices. Analog Integr. Circuits Signal Process. 114, 3 (2023).
Vinodan, K., Reghu, R., Zacharia, S., Sonia, A. K. & John, A. S. Low profile microstrip patch antennas for wearable medical imaging application. in 2022 International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Medical Sciences (ICETEMS) 20–23 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICETEMS56252.2022.10093443.
Srinivas, M. S. S. S. et al. Multi slot wearable patch antenna for wireless applications. in 2024 IEEE Wireless Antenna and Microwave Symposium (WAMS) 1–4 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1109/WAMS59642.2024.10527935.
Koohestani, M., Azadi-Tinat, N. & Skrivervik, A. K. Compact slit-loaded ACS-fed monopole antenna for bluetooth and UWB systems with WLAN band-stop capability. IEEE Access 11, 7540–7550 (2023).
Zhang, H., Sun, T., Ren, W., Yuan, C. & Chen, D. A novel dual-band printed monopole antenna with modified SIR loading. IEEE Access 12, 13893–13899 (2024).
Yao, X., Tong, L. & Cui, Y. A planar inverted-F antenna-based chemical sensor for ion concentrations. Sens. Actuators Rep. 2, 100006 (2020).
Zulkefli, M. S. et al. Experimental wireless link and SAR assessments of an implantable PIFA for biotelemetry in the 24.5 GHz band. IEEE J. Electromagn. RF Microwaves Med. Biol. 7, 281–289 (2023).
Dang, Q. H., Chen, S. J., Nguyen-Trong, N. & Fumeaux, C. Multifunctional reconfigurable wearable textile antennas using coplanar reconfiguration modules. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 71, 3806–3815 (2023).
Chung, M.-A., Lin, C.-W., Yang, C.-W. & Meiy, I.-P. Wearable reconfigurable antennas with multi-mode switching for sub-6GHz, V-band, and D-band applications. IEEE Access 12, 115448–115464 (2024).
Paliwal, R., Srivastava, S. & Budhiraja, R. Customizable substrate integrated waveguide based dual pole band pass filter for X band application. Prog. Electromagn. Res. M 125, 11–19 (2024).
Jocqué, J., Verhaevert, J., Van Torre, P. & Rogier, H. Wearable coupled-quarter-mode SIW antenna platform with hybrid kinetic and ambient-light energy harvesting. Sci. Rep. 13, 5000 (2023).
Google Scholar
Wang, X., Liu, Z. & Zhang, T. Flexible sensing electronics for wearable/attachable health monitoring. Small 13, 1602790 (2017).
Yunusa, Z. A compact low-profile P-shaped wearable antenna for medical application. Prog. Electromagn. Res. M 119, 161–175 (2023).
Kaur, M. & Singh, J. ANN based design of hybrid fractal antenna for biomedical applications. Int. J. Electron. 106, 1184–1199 (2019).
Marasco, I. et al. Wearable heart rate monitoring device communicating in 5G ISM band for IoHT. Bioengineering 10, 113 (2023).
Google Scholar
Dakir, R. et al. A new compact and miniaturized multiband uniplanar CPW-fed Monopole antenna with T-slot inverted for multiple wireless applications. Int. J. Microw. Wirel. Technol. 9, 1–5 (2017).
Lin, C.-H., Saito, K., Takahashi, M. & Ito, K. A compact planar inverted-F antenna for 2.45 GHz on-body communications. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 60, 4422–4426 (2012).
Li, Y. et al. Switchable quarter-wave plate and half-wave plate based on phase-change metasurface. IEEE Photonics J. 12, 1–10 (2020).
Čibiraitė-Lukenskienė, D. et al. Passive detection and imaging of human body radiation using an uncooled field-effect transistor-based THz detector. Sensors 20, 4087 (2020).
Google Scholar
Chu, H., Wang, P.-J., Zhu, X.-H. & Hong, H. Antenna-in-package design and robust test for the link between wireless ingestible capsule and smart phone. IEEE Access 7, 35231–35241 (2019).
Xu, L.-J., Jin, X., Hua, D., Lu, W. & Duan, Z. Realization of circular polarization and gain enhancement for implantable antenna. IEEE Access 8, 1 (2020).
Haque, M. A. et al. Machine learning-based technique for resonance and directivity prediction of UMTS LTE band quasi Yagi antenna. Heliyon 9, e19548 (2023).
Google Scholar
Yahya, M. S. et al. Machine learning-optimized compact frequency reconfigurable antenna with RSSI enhancement for long-range applications. IEEE Access https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3355145 (2024).
Waly, M. I. et al. Optimization of a compact wearable LoRa patch antenna for vital sign monitoring in WBAN medical applications using machine learning. IEEE Access 12, 103860–103879 (2024).
Sharma, Y., Zhang, H. H. & Xin, H. Machine learning techniques for optimizing design of double T-shaped monopole antenna. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 68, 5658–5663 (2020).
Zhang, J., Xu, J., Chen, Q. & Li, H. Machine-learning-assisted antenna optimization with data augmentation. IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 22, 1932–1936 (2023).
Cui, L., Zhang, Y., Zhang, R. & Liu, Q. H. A modified efficient KNN method for antenna optimization and design. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 68, 6858–6866 (2020).
Rai, J. K. et al. High-gain triple-band T-shaped dielectric resonator based hybrid two-element MIMO antenna for 5G new radio, Wi-Fi 6, V2X, and C-band applications with a machine learning approach. Int. J. Commun. Syst. 38, e6038 (2025).
El Misilmani, H. M., Naous, T. & Al Khatib, S. K. A review on the design and optimization of antennas using machine learning algorithms and techniques. Int. J. RF Microw. Comput. Eng. 30, e22356 (2020).
Khan, M. M., Hossain, S., Mozumdar, P., Akter, S. & Ashique, R. H. A review on machine learning and deep learning for various antenna design applications. Heliyon 8, e09317 (2022).
Google Scholar
Jain, R., Thakare, V. V. & Singhal, P. K. Employing machine learning models to predict return loss precisely in 5G antenna. Prog. Electromagn. Res. M 118, 151–161 (2023).
Deshmukh, A. A., Mhatre, A., Kudoo, C. & Pawar, S. E-shape microstrip antenna backed by pairs of slots cut ground plane for wideband response. Procedia Comput. Sci. 143, 101–107 (2018).
Haque, M. et al. Machine learning-based novel-shaped THz MIMO antenna with a slotted ground plane for future 6G applications. Sci. Rep. 14, 32162 (2024).
Google Scholar
Nahin, K. et al. Performance prediction and optimization of a high-efficiency tessellated diamond fractal MIMO antenna for terahertz 6G communication using machine learning approaches. Sci. Rep. 15, 4215 (2025).
Google Scholar
Haque, M. A. et al. Multiband THz MIMO antenna with regression machine learning techniques for isolation prediction in IoT applications. Sci. Rep. 15, 7701 (2025).
Google Scholar
Koziel, S., Pietrenko-Dąbrowska, A. & Leifsson, L. Antenna optimization using machine learning with reduced-dimensionality surrogates. Sci. Rep. 14, 21567 (2024).
Google Scholar
Haque, M. A. et al. Machine learning based compact MIMO antenna array for 38 GHz millimeter wave application with robust isolation and high efficiency performance. Results Eng. 25, 104006 (2025).
Wu, Q., Cao, Y., Wang, H. & Hong, W. Machine-learning-assisted optimization and its application to antenna designs: Opportunities and challenges. China Commun. 17, 152–164 (2020).
Czajkowski, M., Jurczuk, K. & Kretowski, M. Steering the interpretability of decision trees using lasso regression – an evolutionary perspective. Inf. Sci. Ny. 638, 118944 (2023).
Caron, A., Baio, G. & Manolopoulou, I. Estimating individual treatment effects using non-parametric regression models: A review. J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. A Stat. Soc. 185, 1115–1149 (2022).
Google Scholar
Haque, M. A. et al. Machine learning-based technique for gain prediction of mm-wave miniaturized 5G MIMO slotted antenna array with high isolation characteristics. Sci. Rep. 15, 276 (2025).
Google Scholar
Lei, T. M. T., Ng, S. C. W. & Siu, S. W. I. Application of ANN, XGBoost, and other ML methods to forecast air quality in macau. Sustainability 15, 5341 (2023).
Google Scholar
Ferrouhi, E. M. & Bouabdallaoui, I. A comparative study of ensemble learning algorithms for high-frequency trading. Sci. African 24, e02161 (2024).
Musa, U. et al. Investigation of the nonlinearity of PIN diode on frequency reconfigurable patch antenna. J. Eng. 2023, e12308 (2023).
Zhou, L., Fang, S. & Jia, X. Dual-band and dual-polarised circular patch textile antenna for on-/off-body WBAN applications. IET Microwav. Antennas Propag. 14, 643–648 (2020).
Bhattacharjee, S., Maity, S., Chaudhuri, S. R. B. & Mitra, M. A compact dual-band dual-polarized omnidirectional antenna for on-body applications. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 67, 5044–5053 (2019).
Zhou, L., Fang, S.-J. & Jia, X. A compact dual-band and dual-polarized antenna integrated into textile for wban dual-mode applications. Prog. Electromagn. Res. Lett. 91, 153–161 (2020).
Google Scholar
Xiaomu, H., Yan, S. & Vandenbosch, G. A. E. Wearable button antenna for dual-band WLAN applications with combined on and off-body radiation patterns. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 65, 1384–1387 (2017).
Google Scholar
Waly, M. I. et al. Advancement of a high-efficiency wearable antenna enabling wireless body area networks. IEEE Access 11, 138325–138335 (2023).
Ashyap, A., Raad, R., Tubbal, F., Khan, W. A. & Abulgasem, S. Comprehensive review of wearable antennas with flexible periodic structures for body-effect mitigation. IEEE Access 13, 22590–22636 (2025).
Soni, G., Yadav, D., Kumar, A., Jain, P. & Rathi, A. Design and SAR analysis of DGS based deformed microstrip antenna for ON/OFF body smart wearable IoT applications. Phys. Scr. 100, 015536 (2024).
Wang, X., Huang, S. Y. & Yucel, A. C. Uncertainty quantification in SAR induced by ultra-high-field MRI RF coil via high-dimensional model representation. Bioengineering 11, 730 (2024).
Google Scholar
Musa, U. et al. A compact and semi-flexible dual-band patch antenna for IoT-based WBAN applications. in 2024 International Conference on Future Technologies for Smart Society (ICFTSS) 28–31 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICFTSS61109.2024.10691368.
Zhao, C. & Geyi, W. Design of a dual band dual mode antenna for on/off body communications. Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett. 62, 514–520 (2020).
Ahmad, S., Ghaffar, A., Hussain, N. & Kim, N. Compact dual-band antenna with paired L-shape slots for on- and off-body wireless communication. Sensors 21, 7953 (2021).
Google Scholar
Linh, V. T. N. et al. Advances in wearable electronics for monitoring human organs: Bridging external and internal health assessments. Biomaterials 314, 122865 (2025).
Google Scholar
Afreen Banu, E. & Rajamani, V. Design of online vitals monitor by integrating big data and IoT. Comput. Syst. Sci. Eng. 44, 2469–2487 (2023).
Soni, G. K., Yadav, D., Kumar, A., Sharma, C. & Yadav, M. V. Flexible ring slot antenna for optimized 5G performance in N77 and N78 frequency bands for wearable applications. Prog. Electromagn. Res. C 150, 47–55 (2024).
Google Scholar
Soni, G. K., Yadav, D., Kumar, A., Jain, P. & Yadav, M. V. Design and optimization of flexible DGS-based microstrip antenna for wearable devices in the Sub-6 GHz range using the nelder-mead simplex algorithm. Results Eng. 24, 103470 (2024).
Dwivedi, A. K. et al. Circularly polarized printed dual port MIMO antenna with polarization diversity optimized by machine learning approach for 5G NR n77/n78 frequency band applications. Sci. Rep. 13, 13994 (2023).
Google Scholar
Aliyu Babale, S. et al. Machine learning-based optimized 3G/LTE/5G planar wideband antenna with tri-bands filtering notches. IEEE Access 12, 80669–80686 (2024).
Merugumalli, R. K., Murugan, N. A. & Chalasani, S. R. Design and optimization of a compact dual-band antenna using artificial neural networks for body area network applications. AEU Int. J. Electron. Commun. 200, 155911 (2025).
