Teede HJ, Khomami M, Morman R, Laven JSE, Joham AE, Costello MF, et al. Polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome, the new name for polycystic ovary syndrome: a multistep global consensus process. Lancet. 2026;407:2329–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(26)00717-8.
Google Scholar
Naigaonkar AA-O, Dadachanji RA-O, Kumari MA-O, Mukherjee SA-O. Insight into metabolic dysregulation of polycystic ovary syndrome utilizing metabolomic signatures: a narrative review. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2025;62:85.
Bozdag G, Mumusoglu S, Zengin D, Karabulut E, Yildiz BO. The prevalence and phenotypic features of polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod. 2016;31:2841–55.
Google Scholar
Ganie MA, Chowdhury S, Malhotra N, Sahay R, Bhattacharya PK, Agrawal S, et al. Prevalence, phenotypes, and comorbidities of polycystic ovary syndrome among indian women. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7:e2440583.
Google Scholar
Stener-Victorin E, Teede H, Norman RJ, Legro R, Goodarzi MO, Dokras A, et al. Polycystic ovary syndrome. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2024;10:27.
Google Scholar
Stener-Victorin E, Deng Q. Epigenetic inheritance of PCOS by developmental programming and germline transmission. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2025;36:472–81.
Google Scholar
Meng Y, Zhao T, Zhang R, Zhu X, Ma C, Shi Q. Global burden of polycystic ovary syndrome among women of childbearing age, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis using the Global Burden of disease study 2021. Front Public Health. 2025;13:1514250.
Google Scholar
Safiri SA-O, Noori M, Nejadghaderi SA, Karamzad N, Carson-Chahhoud K, Sullman MJM, et al. Prevalence, incidence and years lived with disability due to polycystic ovary syndrome in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019. Hum Reprod. 2022;37:1460–2350.
Tang WZ, Cai QY, Huang KJ, Xu WZ, Li JZ, Pan YR, et al. The global burden of polycystic ovary syndrome, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, cervical cancer, uterine cancer, and ovarian cancer from 1990 to 2021. BMC Public Health. 2025;25:1774.
Google Scholar
Baker JL, Bjerregaard LG. Advancing precision public health for obesity in children. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2023;24:1003–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-023-09802-8.
Google Scholar
Lim SS, Davies MJ, Norman RJ, Moran LJ. Overweight, obesity and central obesity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update. 2012;18:618–37. https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dms030.
Google Scholar
Lim SS, Norman RJ, Davies MJ, Moran LJ. The effect of obesity on polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2013;14:95–109. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2012.01053.x.
Google Scholar
Carmina E, Bucchieri S, Esposito A, Del Puente A, Mansueto P, Orio F, et al. Abdominal fat quantity and distribution in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and extent of its relation to insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:2500–5. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2006-2725.
Google Scholar
Wang YW, Zhang JL, Jiao JG, Du XX, Limbu SM, Qiao F, et al. Physiological and metabolic differences between visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2017;313:R608–R19. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00071.2017.
Google Scholar
Małodobra-Mazur M, Cierzniak A, Pawełka D, Kaliszewski K, Rudnicki J, Dobosz T. Metabolic differences between subcutaneous and visceral adipocytes differentiated with an excess of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. Genes. 2020;11. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11091092.
Dobrijevic E, van Zwieten A, Kiryluk K, Grant AJ, Wong G, Teixeira-Pinto A. Mendelian randomization for nephrologists. Kidney Int. 2023;104:1113–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2023.09.016.
Google Scholar
Awaysheh A, Wilcke J, Elvinger F, Rees L, Fan W, Zimmerman KL. Review of medical decision support and machine-learning methods. Vet Pathol. 2019;56:512–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300985819829524.
Google Scholar
Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop GroupRevised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Fertil Steril. 2004;81:19–25.
Google Scholar
Azziz R, Carmina E, Dewailly D, Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Escobar-Morreale HF, Futterweit W, et al. The Androgen Excess and PCOS Society criteria for the polycystic ovary syndrome: the complete task force report. Fertil Steril. 2009;91:456–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.06.035.
Google Scholar
Zhu J, Eliasen AU, Aris IM, Stinson SE, Holm JC, Hansen T, et al. Pediatric features of genetic predisposition to polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024;109:380–8. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgad533.
Google Scholar
Whooten RC, Rifas-Shiman SL, Perng W, Chavarro JE, Taveras E, Oken E, et al. (2024). Associations of childhood adiposity and cardiometabolic biomarkers with adolescent PCOS. Pediatrics. 2024;153:e2023064894. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2023-064894.
Prosperi S, Chiarelli F. Early and precocious puberty during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Endocrinol. 2022;13:1107911.
Google Scholar
Orszulak D, Niziński K, Bil A, Gawlik A, Ziora K, Drosdzol-Cop A. The effect of gonadoliberin analog treatment in precocious puberty on polycystic ovarian syndrome prevalence in adulthood. Front Endocrinol. 2024;15:1314752.
Google Scholar
Alonso GF. Precocious puberty, pandemic and beyond. Pituitary. 2024;27:916–24.
Google Scholar
Franks S. Polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents. Int J Obes. 2008;32:1035–41. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2008.61.
Google Scholar
Witchel SF, Oberfield S, Rosenfield RL, Codner E, Bonny A, Ibáñez L, et al. (2015). The Diagnosis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome during Adolescence. Horm Res Paediatr. 2015;83:376–89.
Huang X, Wu Y, Ni Y, Xu H, He Y. Global, regional, and national burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus caused by high BMI from 1990 to 2021, and forecasts to 2045: analysis from the global burden of disease study 2021. Front Public Health. 2025;13:1515797.
Google Scholar
Brøns C, Grunnet LG. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Skeletal muscle lipotoxicity in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes: a causal mechanism or an innocent bystander? Eur J Endocrinol. 2017;176:R67–r78. https://doi.org/10.1530/eje-16-0488.
Google Scholar
White U, Beyl RA, Ravussin E. A higher proportion of small adipocytes is associated with increased visceral and ectopic lipid accumulation during weight gain in response to overfeeding in men. Int J Obes. 2022;46:1560–3. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-022-01150-y.
Google Scholar
Stefan N. Causes, consequences, and treatment of metabolically unhealthy fat distribution. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8:616–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-8587(20)30110-8.
Google Scholar
Bril F, Ezeh U, Amiri M, Hatoum S, Pace L, Chen YH, et al. Adipose tissue dysfunction in polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2023;109:10–24. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgad356.
Google Scholar
Divoux A, Erdos E, Whytock K, Osborne TF, Smith SR. Transcriptional and DNA methylation signatures of subcutaneous adipose tissue and adipose-derived stem cells in PCOS women. Cells. 2022;11. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11050848
Corvera S, Solivan-Rivera J, Yang Loureiro Z. Angiogenesis in adipose tissue and obesity. Angiogenesis. 2022;25:439–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10456-022-09848-3.
Google Scholar
Başar Gökcen B, Akdevelioğlu Y, Canan S, Bozkurt N. Evaluation of the relationship between serum ferritin and insulin resistance and visceral adiposity index (VAI) in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Eat Weight Disord. 2021;26:1581–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-020-00980-x.
Google Scholar
Schiffer L, Kempegowda P, Arlt W, O’Reilly MW. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: the sexually dimorphic role of androgens in human metabolic disease. Eur J Endocrinol. 2017;177:R125–r43. https://doi.org/10.1530/eje-17-0124.
Google Scholar
Escobar-Morreale HF. The role of androgen excess in metabolic dysfunction in women: androgen excess and female metabolic dysfunction. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017;1043:597–608. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70178-3_26.
Google Scholar
Mansour A, Noori M, Hakemi MS, Haghgooyan Z, Mohajeri-Tehrani MR, Mirahmad M, et al. Hyperandrogenism and anthropometric parameters in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. BMC Endocr Disord. 2024;24:201. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-024-01733-y.
Google Scholar
Levate G, Wang Y, McCredie R, Fenwick M, Rae MT, Duncan WC, et al. Insights into the effects of sex and tissue location on the evolution of adipocyte dysfunction in an ovine model of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2025;595:112416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2024.112416.
Google Scholar
Xiong T, Rodriguez Paris V, Edwards MC, Hu Y, Cochran BJ, Rye KA, et al. Androgen signaling in adipose tissue, but less likely skeletal muscle, mediates development of metabolic traits in a PCOS mouse model. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2022;323:E145–e58. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00418.2021.
Google Scholar
Balogh Z, Csehely S, Orosz M, Bhattoa HP, Krasznai ZT, Deli T, et al. (2025). Relations of insulin resistance, body weight, vitamin D deficiency, SHBG and androgen levels in PCOS patients. Biomedicines. 2025;13. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13081803.
Özer E, Taş D, Çakır Gündoğan S, Boyraz M, Gürbüz F. Clinical utility of FAI and SHBG in differentiating PCOS from anovulatory cycles in adolescent girls. Front Pediatr. 2025;13:1581060. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2025.1581060.
Google Scholar
Wu LL, Dunning KR, Yang X, Russell DL, Lane M, Norman RJ, et al. High-fat diet causes lipotoxicity responses in cumulus-oocyte complexes and decreased fertilization rates. Endocrinology. 2010;151:5438–45. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2010-0551.
Google Scholar
Meulders B, Marei WFA, Loier L, Leroy J. Lipotoxicity and oocyte quality in mammals: pathogenesis, consequences, and reversibility. Annu Rev Anim Biosci;. 2025;13:233–54. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-111523-102249.
Google Scholar
Garris DR, Garris BL. Cytolipotoxicity-induced involution of the female reproductive tract following expression of obese (ob/ob) and diabetes (db/db) genotype mutations: progressive, hyperlipidemic transformation into adipocytic tissues. Reprod Toxicol. 2004;18:81–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2003.10.001.
Google Scholar
Teede HJ, Tay CT, Laven JJE, Dokras A, Moran LJ, Piltonen TT, et al. Recommendations from the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Fertil Steril. 2023;120:767–93.
Google Scholar
